Hurricane Katrina Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Katrina Essay Crisis and Disasters On August 23, 2005 the tropical depression 12 formed in the Caribbean then it rapidly became tropical storm Katrina on August 24, 2005 as it drifted toward southern Florida. Then on August 25 it strengthened into hurricane Katrina. No one at this time had any idea of what was coming, that this would be on the five deadliest hurricanes in Untied States History. Resulting in the death of around 1, 820 people. From the Gulf coast along Florida to Texas much damage was caused from storm surge. The main amount of damage was in New Orleans, Louisiana which flooded due to levee systems failing, resulting in 80% of the city being flooded and the flood waters lasted for weeks, destroying homes, buildings, and entire communities. . Hurricane Katrina began in the Bahamas on August 23 and as it made it was into southern Florida it became a category 1 hurricane before it grew rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico. In the Gulf in became a category 5 hurricane but weakened before it hit southern Louisiana on August 29 becoming a category 3 hurricane. In just 9 hours the storm went from a category 3 to a category 5 hurricane, this was due to the storms movements over the warm waters of the loop current, which increased the wind speeds of the hurricane. On August 26, the National Guard was activated in Mississippi to help prepare for the oncoming storm. The next day the state activated its Emergency Operations center along with 57 other emergency shelters opened along the coastline and evacua tion orders were put into effect. Louisianas hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds although many people at the time were unwilling to evacuate due to the fact they didn’t want to leave their homes, business, or even pets. Many private facilities that relied to bus companies and ambulance services to evacuate people failed due to the fact that they waited too long. This happened when the Governor did not sign an emergency waiver to allow licensed drivers to transport evacuees on  school buses. On August 27, George W. Bush, President of the United States, declared a state of emergency in certain areas of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. On August 28 almost all infrastructe had been shut down along the coast making it even harder to evacuate people. On the morning of August 28 with winds up to 175 mph and category 5 statues it hit Louisiana. On August 2 9 Katrina made its second landfall as a category 3 with winds up to 125mph near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. Katrina’s third landfall was near the Louisiana/ Mississippi line as a category 3 hurricane with 120mph winds. After reaching Tennessee it was downgraded to a tropical depression and finally lost it’s power over the Great Lakes region. From the Gulf coast along Florida to Texas much damage was caused from storm surge. The main amount of damage was in New Orleans, Louisiana which flooded due to levee systems failing, resulting in 80% of the city being flooded and the flood waters lasted for weeks, destroying homes, buildings, and entire communities. Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff said this was â€Å"probably the worst catastrophe, in the country’s history.† The aftermath from Katrina had many negative effects. The economic effects from the storm were the worst. The Bush Administration asked for 105 billion dollars in repairs and reconstruction for the area. Katrina destroyed 30 oil rings in the Gulf Coast and caused 9 to permeably close. Mi ssissippi’s forestry industry was affected being that 1.3 million acres of timber was destroyed, this was around 5 billion dollars worth of damage. Hundreds of thousands of people were left without jobs after Katrina. Hundreds of thousands of people were sent all across the United States to different shelter locations. The levee failures in New Orleans are accounted to be the worst civil engineering fail in U.S history and a lawsuit was filled against the U.S Army Corps of Engineers who built the levees by Judge Stanwood Duval but this was thrown out due to the sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1965. There was also another investigation of federal agencies which resulted in the resignation of FEMA director Michael D. Brown. On September 12, 2005 Brown resigned, stating that it was â€Å"in the best interest of the agency and best interest of the president.† Before his resignation Brown had already been taken away from his job as coordinator in federal efforts in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast by Homeland Security secretary Michael  Chertoff . It was been said that Brown was forced out of the administration rather that voluntarily resigning.. . Katrina destroyed many wildlife habitats and breeding grounds for marine mammals such as turtles, fish, birds, and many marshes for migrating ducks were destroyed. Seven million gallons of oil were leaked into the ocean. Many spills were cleaned up but some managed to leak into the ecosystem and some towns were even flooded with oil mixed waters. During the clean up, flood waters were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, which took 43 days. Those waters contained many toxic things to wildlife such as bacteria, raw sewage, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and oil. Many citizens starting looting stores in New Orleans in search of food, water, and many other items for personal gain. The news media reported rapes, murders, thefts during this but many reports turned out to be inaccurate. The National Guard was sent in to restore order and over the first week that’s what they accomplished. The Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team was sent into Louisiana to to verify, document, and cha racterize deaths caused by hurricane Katrina. It was found that there were 971 Katrina-related deaths in Louisiana and 15 deaths among Katrina evacuees in other states. Drowning was the cause of (40% of deaths, injury and trauma caused 25% of deaths, and heart conditions caused 11% of the deaths that were the major causes of death among Louisiana victims. After hurricane Katrina many state, local, and federal agencies were aware of the serious devastation of the area but were unable to communicate with each other properly into order to coordinate a rescue response such as help citizens, provide law enforcement, and evacuate the rest of the city. During the first two days the federal government forces had no commutation with the states national guard . resulting in either agency being able to operate at full efficiency. No one had any idea what the other agency was doing or had already done. This resulted in the delay of many ground forces be assisted to the area. FEMA requested assistance from DOD not knowing what the National guard had already done to fill the same needs. This also resulted in no formal command relationship which caused confusion o n what jobs both sides need to do. The destruction of communications infrastructure made it impossible for emergency responders and citizens to communicate effectively. With 70 percent of the city’s  police officers being victims themselves there was not enough law enforcements to restore order. The Department of Justice and Department of Homeland Security had to send it different agencies of law enforcement t to help the New Orleans police department . Many hospitals were destroyed during Katrina and with thousands of people needing assistance it was devastating. Most local and State public health and medical assets were overwhelmed by these conditions, placing even more responsibility on federal agencies.. The process for approval for the reimbursement for medical and public health services provided by Federal agencies created delays and frustrations among health care providers, patients and the general public. Triage was also a big factor during Hurricane Katrina considering the fact that the number of people needing help was much greater than the number of first responders. Many people needed to be rescued and were injured and with the conditions of the city it was a hard task to find people and be able to transport to them a care center. This was a long task considering first responders had to locate a victim, transport them somewhere for help, get back to the same area and keep looking only to repeat the process over and over. It was hard to pick and choose to would get help first considering the fact that only numbers of people would be found at a time. During Hurricane Katrina DMORT set up the Find Family National Call Center in Louisiana. This was the center of operations for finding the location and reuniting families that were separated during Hurricane Katrina. Out of 13,000 people that were missing, around 7,000 were reunited to their families thanks to the DMORTS operation. DMORT were given two missions during Hurricane Katrina. One was to set up a base camp for DMORT and the other was to set up a base camp for the 1600 person Urban Search and Rescue crew. Other duties were to set up temporary morgue facilities, do victim identification, forensic dental pathology on diseased bodies, processing, preparation of diseased bodies. One major thing that was learned during Hurricane Katrina is that during such a major disaster declaring a state of emergency and an evacuation of a area is not enough to reduce the amount of fatalities during a disaster. A big problem was that During Katrina many agencies had no ways to communicate and set up a chain of command in order to operate at full efficiency of their abilities. When it is known that a natural disaster is going to take place , the agencies that are going to respond being state or federal need   to know in advance in order to set up a plan for each agency so that no one is doing the same thing over. Good communication methods need be planned out before hand since this way such a major issue during Hurricane Katrina. Another major issue during Katrina was triage and the lack of first responders. Once it is known that a major disaster is about to take place local medical centers can not be relied on being that there is a great chance they can be destroyed or without any power as seen during hurricane Katrina. Centers need to be set up away from the danger area and transportation of these civilians need to be prepared in advance. Small issues that can lead into big problems such as the Governor during Katrina w did not sign an emergency waiver to allow licensed drivers to transport evacuees on school buses are objectives that need to be taken care of in advance to avoid such issues. Centers that are set up need to be well equipped and supplied to handle the amount to people that will be sent there. Organizations such as the American Red Cross should be asked in advance for their assistance, not after the disaster has already taken place. Assistance on how hospitals to get paid back by federal funds for their assistance should be taken care of during advance being that this was a major issue during Katrina. Federal teams that will be needed just be warned in advance for their assistance and be told to be on immediate standby. This should include professional search and rescue teams , the National Search and Rescue Response team, the National Guard, DMORT, Psychologists, EMS, Firefighter, state and federal police agencies, and DMAT should all be prepared .

IKEA: The Worlds Largest Furniture Retailer

IKEA: The Worlds Largest Furniture Retailer Introduction According to KeyNote, 2008, IKEA is the worlds largest furniture retailer. IKEA sells a lifestyle to its middle-class global consumers through cheap contemporary flat-packed designs. The Swedish based company has 237 stores around the world and it is the world leader in home furnishings (Mintel, 2006). IKEA is responsible for a global strategy that concentrates on cost management, efficiency and quality. However, there is much more to IKEA than just its cheap stylish furniture. As Eberhard-Harribey (2006) states, regardless of its openly aggressive focus on cutting costs, IKEA is a leading company when it comes to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) matters (see more on Appendix 1). IKEA has managed to combine a cost focus strategy with CSR issues as opposed to companies such as Starbucks and The Body Shop, which is considered to be high CSR-oriented but that charge a premium-price for its sustainable products. IKEA has respectable policies on child labour and has strong partnerships with UNICEF, and the WWF. Moreover, IKEA has a transnational strategy. The business maximise its global strategy of product standardisation whilst responding to, consumer local needs. Globalisation, factors like economic growth, deregulation, more disposable income and rising housing market have created many opportunities for growth in which IKEA have continuously taken advantage of in many countries. In spite of its global presence, it is worthy to point out two facts. First fact is that Europe accounts for 82% of IKEAs total revenues and North America accounts for 15% (Datamonitor, 2009). Second fact is that in both Europe and North America regions, as a result of the economic downturn the furniture retail industry is under a lot of competition. In order to reduce the political-economical and social-demographical risks inherent with such regions, IKEA needs to concentrate on diversifying its operations into other markets promptly and efficiently. Moreover, by expanding into other markets, IKEA can also take advantages of opportunities that these new markets offer that current markets no longer do. For example, in the past when China opened-up its policy to FDI, it eventually led to the Chinese economic improvement, the rise in the housing market and subsequently the demand for home furnishings in China. These events have unmistakable allowed IKEA to successfully enter this market. The current strategy mode that IKEA undertakes when entering a new market is International Franchising whereby products, limited rights, operating systems and the use of IKEAs brand name are sold to the foreign franchisee for a sum fee and share in the profits. It seems sensible therefore that IKEA continue on expanding into new markets. Nevertheless, before IKEA chooses another market to enter, IKEA needs to follow some steps: (1) Assess potential markets, (20 Evaluate the respective risks and benefits, (3) Choose the most appropriate market that not only match the Furniture Industry but ultimately complement IKEAs vision and Corporate Social Responsibility. In this work IKEAs plan will be to further its global expansion into the South American Market, having Brazil as a target. Brazil is the largest country in South America and according to Datamonitor (2009), it is characterises the most attractive country for the Furnishing Industry. The following analyses have as an aim to critically determine whether or not IKEA can successfully enter the Brazilian Market and how it should best endeavour such move Industry Overview: Global Home Furnishing Retail The home furnishings retail sector includes furniture, floor coverings and household textiles. Furniture sales dominate the global home furnishing retail sector, with 63.9% of the sectors value. IKEA has the largest share in the global home furnishing market. Its share accounts for 2.3% (MarketLine, 2009). Europe accounts for 43.1% of the retail sectors value and the compound annual growth rate of the sector in the period 2004-2008 was 2.6%. Moreover, according to Datamonitor, 2009, sectors value reached a value of $663.4 billion in 2008 and it is forecasted to grow by 24.9% in 2013 (MarketLine, 2009). Moreover, according to Mintel (2008) the UK is IKEAs most successful market. However is being held back by the difficulty of getting new stores, low consumer confidence due to the economic slowdown. The UK housing market has slowed dramatically and with house prices and the number of transactions forecast to fall this year, this must be bad news for furniture retailers. Already in 2008 there have been a number of casualties, including Sleep Depot and New Heights, and most recently Ilva and ScS. At the same time furniture retailers are facing unprecedented levels of competition from outside of the specialist market from the likes of Tesco, Asda, Woolworths, Argos, Homebase, BQ, and even Next and MS. Is it all doom and gloom for the furniture specialist? more  » The UK housing market has slowed dramatically and with house prices and the number of transactions forecast to fall, furniture retailers are facing exceptional amount of competition from outside of the specialist market from the likes of Asda, Argos, not to mention MS and Next. Five Forces Analysis Retailers of furniture, floor coverings and household textiles are the players of the home furnishing retail sector and the main buyers are taken as end-users, and manufacturers of furniture, floor coverings and household textiles as the key suppliers. (Table bellow adapted from Datamonitor, 2009) IKEA Swot Analysis IKEAs Corporate Social Responsibility According to Maon, Swaen and Lindgreen (2007) IKEA receives pressure from various external stakeholders. This pressure mainly exists because IKEAs business is modeled on cost leadership the majority of its raw materials are originated from developing countries. Since the end of the 1980s, IKEAs policies have been under constant scrutiny, particularly from NGOs. For example, IKEA was under the public eye over child labour in Asia, working conditions in Eastern Europe and Asia, and wood from questionable forests in Indonesia and Russia. Some critics argue that IKEAs sustainable practices took too long to be implemented and others question why the company do not place social and environmental labels on its products, even though the products meet criteria for products made of tropical wood materials. However, for IKEA, the brand itself should be a guarantee of environmental consideration and social responsibility Moreover, as a result of such pressures, the company is more actively involved in its CSR than ever. See next for examples of IKEAs current practices: (Source: IKEA Group, Panda.org, UNICEF and SaveTheChildren.com, 2009). Identification of a New Market Whereas the North American furniture and floor coverings market is currently going through difficult times, South American has kept strong growth in value, a trend that according to Marketline, 2009 is meant to carry on rising. As for 2010 IKEA will enter the South American market. The first IKEA store will be allocated in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (Reference?). However, as it is shown bellow there are other countries within South America in which IKEA could be successful. Furniture Floor Coverings in South America Industry Profile The South American furniture floor coverings market generated total revenues of $19,801.3 million in 2008, representing a compound annual growth rate (Datamonitor, 2009) of 7.5% for the period 2004-2008. Market Segmentation Living room furniture sales has proved the most lucrative for the South American furniture floor coverings market in 2008, generating total revenues of $7,420.1 million, equivalent to 37.5% of the markets overall value. Brazil (Marketline, 2009) however, Brazil leads the South American furniture and floor coverings market, accounting for 63.3% of the markets value. Factors Influencing the Likelihood of New Entrants and New Entrants in the Furniture Market in South America As shown above, there is a lack of brand strength in the Latin American furnishing market. This is turn shows that somewhat easy for new businesses to enter the market. Examples of such business however, are those well established diversified retailers, such as supermarkets and department stores entering the market. Advantages for retailers occur within the market on a small scale with either one or several outlets, for which fixed costs and entrance barriers are fairly low. However, the impact of the current global economic recession on the retail environment can discourage the entrance of new furniture businesses into the high-street in the medium term. There is however little government regulation which only concentrates on health and safety of the products. Overall, Datamonitor (2009) sees that the threat of new entrants to the furniture market in South America is considered to be strong. It is therefore important that establishes its presence in the region before other multinational companies decide to enter the South American. By being a entering such region, IKEA can be as successful as Telefonica has been since 1990 (Griffin and Pustay, 2009). It can generate more sources of revenue as well as establishing new customer base before competitors. There are a large number of different retailers of different sizes from small independent retailers to large chain-stores operating within the furniture and floor coverings retail market. Many players within the market are diversified retailers, such as department stores, supermarkets and DIY stores, which are not critically reliant upon furniture sales, which in turn ease rivalry. However, there are many small specialist stores, where the sale of furniture and floor coverings products is critical to success. These companies need to compete intensely with the supermarkets, which is becoming increasingly difficult in terms of price without compromising product quality; as the supermarkets can afford to make smaller margins over a wide range of products. The current economic downturn is adversely affecting retail sales, reducing growth potential and increasing exit barriers, which enhances rivalry. Overall, rivalry with respect to the furniture and floor coverings retail market is moderate. (Please refer to Appendix 2 for further analyses). Brazil The Brazilian economy was not affected by the global financial crisis as the countrys economy is tightly regulated with orthodox macroeconomic policies. The countrys growth rate increased in 2008 to reach 5.9%. Moreover, Brazil is the founder member of Mercosul regional integration which for instance, are responsible for 75% of South Americas GDP and it is the worlds fourth-biggest integrated market. The economic reforms, liberalized foreign investment to most sectors have been considered to be responsible for the current economic. The market of furniture in Brazil has three main segments: home (60%), office (25%) and institutional organisations (15%). Analyses show that (reference) this last segment is on the growth and imports should increase. This change in demand for foreign designs can certainly benefit IKEA in Brazil. The market is also restrained by high interest rates (18.3% per year in 2001) which prevent people from demanding bank loans, and thus maintain their purchasing power at lower levels than if they could borrow money easier. It then has a bad impact on house purchasing and in series, lowers the buying of house furnishings too. However, despite its high profile, Brazil still suffers from corruption. According to Transparency Internationals Corruption Perceptions Index for 2008, Brazil is ranked in the 80th place out of 179 countries. Because corruption is perceived to be very strong in Brazil, the majority of businesses are expected to encounter corruption when proposing contracts to governments. Moreover, deforestation caused by multi-nationals is making serious harms to the Brazilian rainforests. As the demand for environmentally friendly companies in Brazil and around the world continues to rise, companies such as IKEA can certainly expect to have its CSR scrutinised before receiving any license for operation. PESTLE Analysis of IKEA in Brazil Brazil has come out to be of the best market to invest (Griffin and Pustay, 2009) the economic reforms implemented after 2003 led to increases in real per capita income, and an improved income distribution. Real per capita income increased 14% from 2004 to 2007 and the inequality in the distribution of income, measured by the Gini coefficient (which ranges from 0, which reflects equality, to 1, which indicates inequality), diminished from 0.6 in 2000 to 0.5 in 2007. Although the political stability in Brazil does not have the same standard of security as other OECDs, the political stability in Brazil is improving steadily. Brazils president is considered to be more sensible than other South American leftist leaders. And Although Lula obviously seeks to protect national companies, He is also aware that many Brazilian businesses are not very efficient. After being re-elected, Lula has welcomed FDI in Brazil with open arms (Reference) Additionally, as the poverty situation in Brazil is still high, the Brazilian government and its population are in turn very active when it comes to social programs. There are major government programs that aim to tackle the problems of income inequality and access to credit. Programmes such as Zero Hunger (Projeto Fome Zero) provides low-income families conditional cash transfer bases reach nearly one quarter of Brazils population (MDS). Such programs can be seen as an opportunity for IKEA. Since IKEA has such renounced CSR programs in place, it can certainly work with partnership with the Brazilian government. Also, as more people are acquiring houses, the demand for furniture will eventually increase. With emerging markets capturing investors attention, many are turning their focus towards South American markets. Strong exports, high commodity prices and increased investments have been contributing factors to growth within many of the Latin American markets (Fleming, 2007). Amongst its neighbours, Brazil is the country that provides its population the highest average purchasing power (IMF, 2006) Thus, Brazil seem a very attractive market for IKEA, especially since the its furniture imports have experienced a growth of 16.27% during the third quarter of 2006. The imports of furniture in Brazil are controlled by the United States with 39% of the share, followed by Germany with 36% and Italy with 10% (ABIMOVEL, 2008). Because Brazils income gap between the rich people and the poor people is very high, The 10% richest people earn 50% of the totally income and the 10% poorest people only get less than 1% (source?) social status are very meaningful, especial for the middle-classes. As IKEA has been very proficient in selling lifestyles to its customers (KeyNote, 2008) the status importance amongst Brazilians could turn out to be advantageous for IKEA. Nevertheless, credit option is extremely limited among most consumers who are expected to pay for their goods in instalments. Very ofte, consumers opt for a certain product not because if its quality, but because of the payment facilities. Consumers can pay for a TV of the equivalent of  £300 in 10 instalments and without any added interest. IKEA should certainly be aware of consumers buying behaviour in order of to have problems with its liquidity ratios. As the telecommunication penetration rate in Brazil remains low, IKEA would not be able to rely in online sales in Brazil in the middle future and its online advertising should be very efficient . Laws requiring pre-sale disclosure by a franchisor are in place in Brazil Brazil shelters dense forests in northern regions including Amazon Basin that can be use for wooden furniture: half of the country is covered by forests. However, over the past couple of years, the government has been very cautious about global warming caused by MNCs deforestation. So IKEA would need to ensure the Brazilian government that its practices are very sustainable to be able to use Brazils endowments. IKEA in Brazil From the analysed above, it can be deducted that there are several attractive aspects for IKEA to invest in the area of furniture industry in the Brazilian market. First of all, the furniture market in Brazil is attractive due to a big value of imported furniture. Additionally, the labour cost is cheaper compared to Europe and America. Mode of Entry All IKEAs stores in foreign countries are managed under international franchising (IKEA, 2009). Franchising is a special form of licensing where the licensor authorises the licensee to utilize its operating systems, logos, brand names and trademarks in return for a loyalty payment (Griffin and Pustay, 2009). The franchisee needs also to supply capital, personnel, personal involvement and local market knowledge (Jeannet Hennessy, 2004, pp.296). As IKEA has so much experience in setting up franchise contracts, it seems sensible to apply the same when coming to Brazil for the following reasons: However, International Franchising has its drawbacks as well: Although the drawbacks of setting up Franchising in Brazil are not too high and IKEA could still be very successful in such a market. Based on the information gathered in this work, a relatively more complex but even more successful mode of entry can be recommended. Due to Brazils endowment factors and government economic stimulus package to attract new investments, IKEA can greater benefit from entering the market through Foreign Direct Investment via than from International Franchising. Moreover, by using FDI as a Strategy, IKEA can acquire national resources and access other South American markets. According to Dunnings Ecletic Theory (Griffin and Pustay, 2009), FDI will occur when three conditions Ownership, Location and Internalisation are satisfied. By matching IKEAs Swot analysis and all the other information gathered in this work, it is possible to observe that IKEA enjoys all three advantages in competing in Brazil against local firms. 1. Ownership: Whereas most of Brazilian furniture retails hold low brand image and average technology systems, IKEA has unique competitive advantages such as strong brand name globally, advanced technology and the benefits of economies of scale in other markets. 2. Location Advantage: IKEA can enjoy lower labour costs, avoid tariff walls on goods exported from Brazil to other South American countries and save money on product transportation instead of importing products from China, Russia and India, the majority of products can be manufactured in Brazil due to its vast resource endowments. 3. Internalisation Advantage: Because of growing concerns related to management of intellectual property rights, deforestation and corruption in Brazil, IKEA will benefit more from controlling its operations in Brazil than from hiring independent local companies to provide such services. FDI via Greenfield Strategy and Strategic Alliance As Brazilian Furniture Retailers are relatively small, the possibility to acquire an existing company with the intention of obtaining control over employees, technology and stores is very low. Therefore, IKEA would have to start its operations from scratch. According to Griffin and Pustay, 2010, when companies buy or build new facilities, hires in managers and employees to launch its brand new operations, they do so through Greenfield Strategy. Given all the facts that influence FDI in Brazil, the Greenfield Strategy can certainly benefit IKEAs entry to the Brazilian Market for the following reasons: IKEA can the location that best meets its needs It can build up-to-date facilities Brazils local and national government gives economic development incentives to attract companies facilities IKEA would not have to adapt its production systems to any Joint-ventures IKEA would not have to deal with problems associates with Property Rights that could arise from potential Franchisees/Licensees/ or Joint Venture partners. However, the Greenfield Strategy also has its disadvantages: The process of building a new site, hiring new staff and negotiating with government is relatively long and expensive In order to promote certain regions development, Brazilian government might require IKEA to build its site in a determined place that is not IKEAs desired location. Grant to use natural resources might be given under very restrict regulations due to global and national demand for sustainable products Furthermore, by using Brazils endowment resources, particularly in the Forestry sector, IKEAs CSR would be put under further scrutiny. However, as IKEA has so many projects that have been benefiting the forestry and the cotton sector (refer to IKEAs CSR) in so many countries IKEA can combine its current CSR practice and form a strategic alliance with the Brazilian government involving the production aspect of the business. According to Griffin and Pustay 2010, a strategic alliance involving public and private partners can benefit a company if negotiation is handled properly and if the government is relatively stable, by easing market entry, reducing risks, enhancing knowledge and expertise and giving competitive advantage. Appendix 1 Detailed Five Forces Analysis for the Global Retail Furniture Market (Adapted from Datamonitor, 2009). Appendix 2 Continuation of Five Forces Analysis on the South American Retail Furniture (Source: Datamonitor, 2009) Appendix 3

Role Of Law In Modern Society Law Essay

Role Of Law In Modern Society Law Essay The main role of law in modern societies is hard to overestimate. The systems are hard to understand, the institutions are different and range from small to mammoth, and the number of people concerned, from para-legal to federal judge, can only be proof of its central role in society. Law and legal issues are left to lawyers, legal theorists and the occasional sociologist. For most people, the law is only reluctantly confronted during those signature events in life: marriage, paying taxes, immigrating. The history of law is closely related to the development of civilization. Ancient Egyptian law, 3000 BC, restricted a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books. It was based on the concept of Maat, characterized by tradition, symbolic speech, social equality and objectivity. By the 22nd century BC, the ancient Sumerian ruler Ur-Nammu had formulated the first law code, which consisted of casuistic statements and in that law they just had:if then Around 1760 BC, King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as steal, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi. The most intact copy of these steal was discovered in the 19th century in Britain, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages, including English, German, and French. Civil Law and Common law The terms of common law system and civil law system are different and used to discriminate two distinct legal systems and approaches to law. The term civil law refers to jurisdictions that took over the continental system of European law resulting basically from ancient Roman law, but much accept the Germanic tradition. The term common law refers to all legal systems, which have adopted the historic English legal system. The distinction to be made between the two systems is that the common law system has a certain characteristic to be case-centered and hence judge-centered, allowing scope for an optional, pragmatic approach to the particular problems that show before the courts. From one point, the law can be developed on a case-by-case basis and from another point the civil law system tends to be a codified body of general abstract principles that control the implement of judicial discretion. In reality, both these views are limited, with the former overemphasizing the extent to which the common law judges can impose their discretion and the latter underestimating the point to which civil law judges have the power to exercise judgment. It is possibly significance mentioning at this point that the European Court of Justice, established, in assumption, on civil law principles, is, in practice, increasingly recognizing the profit of establishing a body of case law. Even though, the European Court of Justice is not bound by the operation of the doctrine of stare deices, it still does not decide personal cases on a personal basis without reference to its previous decisions. Substantive vs. Procedural Law Substantive law refers to all categories of public law and private law, including the law of contracts, real property, torts, and criminal law. First, there is a brief definition of the two terms. When you say substantive law, it actually mansions to the written or constitutional law which governs the connection between people, or between people and the state. Procedural law is the set of rules followed when a court is hearing a case so it basically dictates what will happen during a civil or criminal proceeding. Compare this with procedural law, which provides a government with the machinery to implement the rights and duties as distinct in substantive law. In laymans terms, substantive law defines how the facts in a case will be handled, as well as how a particular case is to be charged. As the name implies, its the substance of the case that is being handled. Only procedural laws can be applied to non-legal contexts, but substantive law cannot. Procedural law is more about how the law will be executed, while substantive law provides the legal result to a case. Summing up: 1. Substantive law is about the characterization of peoples rights, duties and power, while procedural law is about prescribing the form and order by which the law will be enforced. 2. Substantive law defines how the details or information in a case will be handled, while procedural law defines the step-by-step process that the case will go through. 3. Substantive law cannot be applied to non-legal contexts, while only procedural law can be applied to non-legal contexts. 4. Substantive law defines how the case is handled, and how a crime is to be charged, while procedural law describes the method in which a case will progress. Criminal and civil procedure Criminal and civil procedures are not similar to each other. Even if some systems, together with the English, stand for private persons to bring a criminal prosecution against another person, prosecutions are almost always in progress by the state, in order to punish the defendant. The cases are usually in different courts, and juries are not so often used in civil cases. Civil procedure is the main body of law that sets out the rules and principles that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits. These rules manage how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what type of service of process is necessary, the types of pleadings and statements of case, applications, and orders allowable in civil cases, the timing and manner of depositions and discovery, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks should function. Civil procedure is central, necessary and special procedural systems even criminal procedure has tended to develop or extend as variations on the civil procedure model. Civil law proceeding is that evidence is received and the summary record prepared by someone other than the judge who will decide the case. In civil law nations, where there is no tradition of civil trial by jury, an entirely different approach has developed. There is no such thing as a trial in our sense or no single, concentrated event. The typical civil proceeding in civil law country is actually a series of isolated meetings of and written communications between counsel and judge. Criminal One of the most comparisons one hears made about criminal procedure in the two traditions is that the criminal procedure in the civil law tradition is called inquisitorial at the same time as that in the common law tradition is called accusatorial. The criminal trial is a challenge between the accusers and the accused with the judge as a referee. Usually the proceedings takes place publicly and orally and is not preceded by any official investigation or preparation of evidence. At the same period of time there are important differences between civil and criminal procedures. The most civil law system consists of separate codes of civil procedure and criminal procedure. The principle of evidence plays more important role in a criminal case if the people judging it doubt the guilt of suppose and have a reason for this doubt a crime cannot be proven. But in a civil case, the court and judge will evaluate all the proof and decide what is most possible. In civil matters the parties are the plaintiff and the defendant. In criminal matters the parties are the Crown and the defendant, in civil matters the parties are the plaintiff and defendant. A prosecutor conducts the case on behalf of the Crown. In the Magistrates Court the prosecutor is a police officer while in the higher courts the Director of Public Prosecutions conducts the prosecution. The plaintiff or prosecutor must prove their case before the court. Conclusion In conclusion, essay explains the differences between criminal procedure and civil procedure and different legal systems.

Maxine Hong Kingston Understanding Her Life through The Woman Warrior E

Maxine Hong Kingston Understanding Her Life through The Woman Warrior Maxine Hong Kingston’s â€Å"The Woman Warrior† is novel composed of myths and memoirs that have shaped her life. Her mother’s talk-stories about her no name aunt, her own interpretation of Fa Mu Lan, the stories of ghosts in doom rooms and American culture have been the basis of her learning. She learned morals, truths, and principals that would be the basis of her individuality. Since her mother's talk-story was one of the major forces of her childhood and since she herself is now talking-story in writing this book, stories, factual and fictional, are an inherent part of Kingston's autobiography. Finding one's voice in order to talk-story, a metaphor for knowing oneself in order to attain the fullness of one's power, becomes one of the book's major themes. The story her mother told her, â€Å"No Name Woman,† is meant to deal with issues concerning a young woman’s life. I think that it is her mother telling her not to be a disgrace to the family’s name. Brave Orchid, Kingston’s mother, grew up in a small village in rural China where every action of the residents was common knowledge to the villagers. The villagers’ mentality then was to weed out the less productive and bad inhabitants that would put a strain on the already poor village. She states how her father would not admit to having a sister because of the humiliation she caused them. The man who got her aunt pregnant wanted to kill her because he did not want to be embarrassed, when actually it was his fault just as much hers. Kingston’s mother tells her this story because she wants her daughter to be the perfect female for their family. "Don't let your father know I told you. He denies her. Now that you have started to menstruate, what happened to her could happen to you. Don't humiliate us. You wouldn't like to be forgotten as if you had never been born. The villagers are watchful." This is frightening for Kingston because she feels that women are being watched to make sure they are behaving the right way for society. Kingston then shows us later in her own telling of Fa Mu Lan, that she is actually strong and doesn’t need to conform to society’s stereotypes. I also believe that the story about her â€Å"Father’s drowned-in-the-well sister† is a warning to be cautious of people trying to take advantage of her. Brave ... ...hing unfamiliar to them, something confusing. Instead of calling the Americans weird or strange, they would call them ghosts. Kingston also says that her aunt â€Å"haunted† her from childhood on. I think she says this because she didn’t understand her aunt’s ways. I don’t think that she was actually haunted; I think that she was just really confused. In Kingston’s book, the myths, talk-stories, and memoirs she puts together help her to understand her own life on her own terms. Whether she is trying to understand the Chinese culture that her mother teaches her or to understand the American culture she is growing up in, the stories are her way of accepting the life that she is born with. Kingston uses the negative influence on her life from her mother to help her understand what her mother expects and an insight into the Chinese traditions. She also uses myths life Fa Mu Lan to help make her will stronger. The stories of the ghosts in America help her to put a meaning on the confusion she is having. All through out the story, the stories and myths teach her about life, either good or bad, and teaches her to overcome her weaknesses to strive to be a modern day Warrior Woman.

country status :: essays research papers

stThe Status of your Country as of 02/07/2002 Country Name   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dsgsg (#6647)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tyranny Turns Left Turns Taken Turns Stored Rank NetWorth  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 1202 0 10,524 $42,943  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Money Food Oil Population Land Per Capita Income  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $898 1352 bushels 11,142 barrels 1586 287 Acres $5.71  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tax Rate Taxes Expenses Food Production Food Consumption  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70% $6340 $2299 70 bushels 36 bushels Expense Breakdown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Military Alliances Land  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $884 $170 $1245 Land Distribution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military Forces   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Technology Ratings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enterprise Zones Residences Industrial Complexes Military Bases Research Labs Farms Oil Rigs Construction Sites Unused Lands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18 8 84 0 0 0 5 0 172   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spies Troops Jets Turrets Tanks Nuclear Missiles Chemical Missiles Cruise Missiles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  33 181 0 0 1683 0 0 0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Military Medical Business Residential Agricultural Warfare Military Strategy Weapons Industrial Spy SDI   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0 1971 6 1320 36 7706 0 0 0 30 0 Plague spreads throughout your lands! Kuszcotopia (4166) Instumentality of Ma (12842) dsgsg (6647) bibibibibibibii (8546) Communist Russia (3733) Greetings. I am General Ruby, leader of the Emerald army. It seems our two nations are locked in battle, I have a proposal that may interest you. This war we are engaged in does seem like a pointless one. I believe that in the end, both countries will lose more than won but only one will survive and I sware by the sword of Amethyst, I shall be the victor. So my proposal is we call a truse immidiatly, if this happens, I shall call off my allies and you shall do the same, however you will pay me 10% of your net profit and my ally assissting in this battle shall recieve 5%. If you do not agree to these terms and are persistant in your attacks, then I shall call in more allies, who are greater in number and much more powerfull then I and you. I shall defeat you at all costs, I swear by the sword of Amethyst. Yours sincerely, General Ruby - Leader of the Emerald Army

Visual Diagnosis Of Melanomas Health And Social Care Essay

Amelanotic melanoma is a type of skin malignant neoplastic disease in which the cells do non do melanin. They can be pink, ruddy, violet or of normal tegument colour, therefore hard to acknowledge. It has an asymmetrical form, and an irregular faintly pigmented boundary line. Their untypical visual aspect leads to detain in diagnosing, the forecast is bad. Recurrence rate is high. Figure: 3.11. Amelanotic melanoma on Canis familiaris ‘s toe3.12.10 Soft-tissue melanomaClear-cell sarcoma ( once known as malignant melanoma of the soft parts ) is a rare signifier of malignant neoplastic disease called sarcoma. It is known to happen chiefly in the soft tissues and corium. Rare signifiers were thought to happen in the GI piece of land before they were discovered to be different and redesignated as GNET. The return for such sort of melanoma is common. Clear cell sarcoma of the soft tissues in grownups is non related to the paediatric tumour known as clear cell sarcoma of the kidney. Under a microscope these tumours show some similarities to traditional tegument melanomas, and are characterized by solid nests and fascicules of tumour cells with clear cytol and outstanding nucleole. The clear cell sarcoma has a unvarying and typical morphological form which serves to separate it from other types of sarcoma.3.13 Diagnosis:Ocular diagnosing of melanomas is still the most common method employed by wellness professionals. Gram molecules that are irregular in colour or form are frequently treated as campaigners of melanoma. The diagnosing of melanoma requires experience, as early phases may look indistinguishable to harmless moles or non hold any colour at all. Peoples with a personal or household history of skin malignant neoplastic disease or of dysplastic nevus syndrome ( multiple untypical moles ) should see a skin doctor at least one time a twelvemonth to be certain they are non developing melanoma. There is no blood trial for observing melanomas. To observe melanomas ( and increase survival rates ) , it is recommended to larn what they look like ( see â€Å" ABCDE † mnemonic below ) , to be cognizant of moles and look into for alterations ( form, size, colour, rubing or shed blooding ) and to demo any leery moles to a physician with an involvement and accomplishments in skin malignance. A popular method for retrieving the marks and symptoms of melanoma is the mnemotechnic â€Å" ABCDE † : Asymmetrical tegument lesion. Boundary line of the lesion is irregular. Color: melanomas normally have multiple colourss. Diameter: moles greater than 6A millimeters are more likely to be melanomas than smaller moles. Enlarging: Enlarging or germinating A failing in this system is the diameter. Many melanomas present themselves as lesions smaller than 6A millimeter in diameter ; and all melanomas were malignant on twenty-four hours 1 of growing, which is simply a point. An sharp doctor will analyze all unnatural moles, including 1s less than 6A millimeter in diameter. Seborrheic Keratosis may run into some or all of the ABCD standards, and can take to false dismaies among laypeople and sometimes even doctors. An experient physician can by and large separate seborrheic keratosis from melanoma upon scrutiny, or with dermoscopy. Some advocate the system â€Å" ABCDE † , with E for development. Certainly moles that alteration and germinate will be a concern. Alternatively, some refer to E as lift. Elevation can assist place a melanoma, but deficiency of lift does non intend that the lesion is non a melanoma. Most melanomas are detected in the really early phase, or unmoved phase, before they become elevated. By the clip lift is seeable, they may hold progressed to the more unsafe invasive phase. Nodular melanomas do non carry through these standards, holding their ain mnemonic, â€Å" EFG † : Elevated: the lesion is raised above the environing tegument. Firm: the nodule is solid to the touch. Turning: the nodule is increasing in size. A recent and fresh method of melanoma sensing is the â€Å" ugly duckling mark † . It is simple, easy to learn, and extremely effectual in observing melanoma. Simply, correlativity of common features of a individual ‘s skin lesion is made. Lesions which greatly deviate from the common features are labeled as an â€Å" Ugly Duckling † , and further professional test is required. The â€Å" Small Red Riding Hood † mark suggests that persons with just tegument and light-colored hair might hold difficult-to-diagnose amelanotic melanomas. Extra attention and cautiousness should be rendered when analyzing such persons, as they might hold multiple melanomas and badly dysplastic birthmark. A dermatoscope must be used to observe â€Å" ugly ducklings † , as many melanomas in these persons resemble non-melanomas or are considered to be â€Å" wolves in sheep vesture † . [ 28 ] These fair-skinned persons frequently have lightly pigmented or amelanotic me lanomas which will non show easy-to-observe colour alterations and fluctuation in colourss. The boundary lines of these amelanotic melanomas are frequently indistinct, doing ocular designation without a dermatoscope really hard. Amelanotic melanomas and melanomas arising in fair-skinned persons ( see the â€Å" Small Red Riding Hood † mark ) are really hard to observe, as they fail to demo many of the features in the ABCD regulation, interrupt the â€Å" Ugly Duckling † mark, and are really hard to separate from acne scarring, insect bites, dermatofibromas, or freckles. Following a ocular scrutiny and a dermatoscopic test, or in vivo diagnostic tools such as a confocal microscope, the physician may biopsy the leery mole. A tegument biopsy performed under local anaesthesia is frequently required to help in doing or corroborating the diagnosing and in specifying the badness of the melanoma. If the mole is malignant, the mole and an country around it need deletion. Egg-shaped excisional biopsies may take the tumour, followed by histological analysis and Breslow marking. Punch biopsies are contraindicated in suspected melanomas, for fright of seeding tumour cells and rushing the spread of the malignant cells. Entire organic structure picture taking, which involves photographic certification of every bit much organic structure surface as possible, is frequently used during followup of bad patients. The technique has been reported to enable early sensing and provides a cost-efficient attack ( being possible with the usage of any digital camera ) , but its efficaciousness has been questioned due to its inability to observe macroscopic alterations. The diagnosing method should be used in concurrence with ( and non as a replacing for ) dermoscopic imagination, with a combination of both methods looking to give highly high rates of sensing.3.14 Dermatoscopy:Dermatoscopy ( dermoscopy or epiluminescence microscopy ) is the scrutiny of skin lesions with a dermatoscope. This traditionally consists of a magnifier ( typically x10 ) , a non-polarised visible radiation beginning, a crystalline home base and a liquid medium between the instrument and the tegument, and allows review of skin lesions unobs tructed by skin surface contemplations. Modern dermatoscopes dispense with the usage of liquid medium and alternatively usage polarised visible radiation to call off out skin surface contemplations. When the images or picture cartridge holders are digitally captured or processed, the instrument can be referred to as a â€Å" digital epiluminescence dermatoscope † .3.15 Advantages of dermatographyWith physicians who are experts in the specific field of dermoscopy, the diagnostic truth for melanoma is significantly better than for those skin doctors who do non hold any specialised preparation in Dermatoscopy. Thus, with specializers trained in dermoscopy, there is considerable betterment in the sensitiveness ( sensing of melanomas ) every bit good as specificity ( per centum of non-melanomas right diagnosed as benign ) , compared with bare oculus scrutiny. The truth by Dermatoscopy was increased up to 20 % in the instance of sensitiveness and up to 10 % in the instance of speci ficity, compared with bare oculus scrutiny. By utilizing dermatoscopy the specificity is thereby increased, cut downing the frequence of unneeded surgical deletions of benign lesions.3.16 Application of dermatoscopyThe typical application of dermatoscopy is early sensing of melanoma. Digital dermatoscopy ( video dermatoscopy ) is used for supervising skin lesions leery of melanoma. Digital dermatoscopy images are stored and compared to images obtained during the patient ‘s following visit. Leery alterations in such a lesion are an indicant for deletion. Skin lesions, which appear unchanged over clip, are considered benign. Common systems for digital dermoscopy are Fotofinder, Molemax or Easyscan. Aid in the diagnosing of tegument tumours – such as basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, cylindromas, dermatofibromas, angiomas, seborrheic keratosis and many other common tegument tumours have classical dermatoscopic findings. Aid in the diagnosing of itchs and pubic louse. By staining the tegument with India ink, a dermatoscope can assist place the location of the touch in the tunnel, easing scraping of the scabetic tunnel. By amplifying pubic louse, it allows for rapid diagnosing of the hard to see little insects. Aid in the diagnosing of warts. By leting a doctor to visualise the construction of a wart, to separate it from maize, callouses, injury, or foreign organic structures. By analyzing warts at late phases of intervention, to guarantee that therapy is non stopped prematurely due to hard to visualise wart constructions. Aid in the diagnosing of fungous infections. To distinguish â€Å" black point † ringworm, or ringworm capitis ( fungous scalp infection ) from alopecia areata. Aid in the diagnosing of hair and scalp diseases, such as alopecia areata, female androgenic alopecia, monilethrix, Netherton syndrome and woolly hair syndrome. Dermoscopy of hair and scalp is called trichoscopy.3.17 Computer Added Diagnosis for early sensing of Skin CancerMelanoma is the most deathly assortment of skin malignant neoplastic disease. Although less common than other tegument malignant neoplastic diseases, it is responsible for the bulk of skin malignant neoplastic disease related deceases globally. Most instances are curable if detected early and several standardised testing techniques have been developed to better the early sensing rate. Such testing techniques have proven utile in clinical scenes for testing persons with a high hazard for melanoma, but there is considerable argument on their public-service corporation among big populations due to the high work load on skin doctors and the subjectiveness in the reading of the showing. In add-on to deducing a set of computing machine vision algorithms to automatize popular tegument ego scrutiny techniques, this undertaking developed a nomadic phone application that provides a pre-screening tool for persons in the general population to assist measure their hazard. No computing machine application can supply a concrete diagnosing, but it can assist inform the person and raise the general consciousness of this unsafe disease. Melanoma develops in the melanocyte tegument cells responsible for bring forthing the pigment melanin which gives the tegument, hair, and eyes their colourss. Early phases of the malignant neoplastic disease present themselves as irregular tegument lesions. Detection techniques for early phase melanoma use the morphological features of such irregular tegument lesions to sort hazard degrees.A. Skin-Self Evaluations utilizing the ABCDE methodSurveies have shown that self-performed skin scrutinies can greatly better early sensing and survivability rates of melanoma [ 112 ] . The most constituted method for skin introspections to day of the month is the â€Å" ABCDE † promoted by the American Academy of Dermatology [ 113 ] . A elaborate tutorial for carry oning skin self-exams including illustration images for each characteristic is available in [ 113 ] . The â€Å" ABCDE † trial provides a widely accepted, standardised set of lesion characteristics to analyze. The characte ristics are designed for members of the general populace, but variableness in the reading of the characteristics weakens the overall public-service corporation of the trial [ 112 ] . Preprocessing Once a exaggerated image of a skin lesion is captured it is passed to a preprocessor. The preprocessor performs planetary image binarization via Otsu ‘s method [ 114 ] . Following binarization, a affiliated constituents analysis is performed and little part remotion for both positive and negative parts removes most of the image noise. 1 ) Asymmetry A lesion is considered potentially cancerous if â€Å" one half is unlike the other half. † This counsel is comparatively obscure, so techniques developed for dermatoscopy were used for inspiration. The dissymmetry mark computation is based on the symmetricalness map technique. Symmetry maps encode a step of a part ‘s symmetricalness, known as symmetricalness metric, comparative to a scope of axes of symmetricalness defined by angle. Lesion colour and texture comparings were used to encode symmetricalness. Normally the symmetricalness metric is a map of distance R from a part ‘s centre. To cipher the symmetricalness of an image section a symmetricalness map is created for the scope of symmetricalness axes go throughing through a part ‘s centre with angles runing from 0 to 180 grades. To deduce a scalar symmetricalness mark from the symmetricalness map, the planetary upper limit is used. The symmetricalness map technique is attractive because it is able to accomplish a grade of rotational invariability via the soap operator. However, ciphering symmetricalness maps with such a high declaration in angles is computationally expensive and colour and texture can change depending on the image ‘s lighting and focal point. Lighting and focal point are non traditionally major factors in dermatoscopy but they have a big impact in macro picture taking. 2 ) Boundary line The form and strength of a part ‘s boundary line are considered jointly when measuring hazard but the machine-controlled algorithm examines merely border strength. This is because the simple cleavage techniques used were a comparatively noisy step of a lesion ‘s boundary and the cleavage noise rapidly corrupts any boundary line form metric. However, border strength is comparatively easy to calculate. The strength gradient map can besides be computed utilizing a two-stage filter combination of Sobel and Gaussian meats. Once the image gradient map is computed, the gradient magnitude values at each pel along the lesion ‘s boundary line are summed and normalized by the boundary line ‘s size to cipher the mean gradient magnitude along the lesion ‘s boundary line. This mean gradient metric signifiers the boundary line strength hazard value. In general lesions with ill defined boundary lines. Proper pick of the Gaussian smoothing meat is of import given the comparative inaccuracy of the lesion cleavage. If excessively little a meat is used, the boundary line pels may non fall straight over pels with a high gradient magnitude. To cut down variableness, all lesion images are converted to grayscale before hiting. The standard divergence of the grayscale strength values of all the pels belonging to lesion parts has to be calculated. The standard divergence value is taken as the colour fluctuation hazard. B. Image Processing for Digital Dermatoscopy and Digital Macro Photography Epiluminescence Microscopy ( ELM ) , besides known as dermatoscopy, is a noninvasive technique for bettering the early sensing of skin malignant neoplastic disease [ 115 ] . In dermatoscopy, a set of polarized light filters or oil submergence render selected cuticular beds transparent and macro lenses magnify little characteristics non seeable to the bare oculus. Most dermatoscopes besides include characteristics to command illuming and focal conditions. Dermatoscopy is often combined with digital imaging engineering and a big organic structure of research is devoted to developing computerized processing techniques runing on the digital images produced. An version of the â€Å" ABCDE † method for skin introspections to dermatoscopic images was foremost presented in 1994 [ 116 ] .3.17.1 Image Acquisition TechniquesThe first measure in adept systems used for skin review involves the acquisition of the tissue digital image. The chief techniques used for this intent are the Epilum inence microscopy ( ELM, or dermoscopy ) , transmittal negatron microscopy ( TEM ) , and the image acquisition utilizing still or video cameras. ELM is capable of supplying a more elaborate review of the surface of pigmented tegument lesions and renders the epidermis translucent, doing many cuticular characteristics become seeable. TEM, on the other manus, can uncover the typical construction of organisation of elastic webs in the corium, and therefore, is largely used for analyzing growing and suppression of melanoma through its liposomes [ 117 ] .Arecently introduced method of ELM imagination is side-transillumination ( transillumination ) . In this attack, visible radiation is directed from a pealing around the fringe of a lesion toward its centre at an angle of 45a- ¦ , organizing a practical visible radiation beginning at a focal point about 1 centimeters below the surface of the tegument, therefore doing the surface and subsurface of the skin translucent. The chief advantage of transillumination is its sensitiveness to imaging increased blood flow and vascularisation and besides to sing the subsurface pigmentation in a birthmark. This technique is used by a paradigm device, called Nevoscope, which can bring forth images that have variable sum of transillumination and cross-polarized surface light [ 118 ] , [ 119 ] . The usage of commercially available photographic cameras is besides rather common in skin lesion review systems, peculiarly for telemedicine intents [ 120 ] , [ 121 ] .However, the hapless declaration in really little tegument lesions, i.e. , lesions with diameter of less than 0.5 centimeter, and the variable light conditions are non easy handled, and hence, high-resolution devices with low-distortion lenses have to be used. In add-on, the demand for changeless image colourss ( necessary for image duplicability ) remains unsated, as it requires existent clip, automated colour standardization of the camera, i.e. , accommoda tions and corrections to run within the dynamic scope of the camera and ever mensurate the same colour regardless of the lighting conditions. The job can be addressed by utilizing picture cameras [ 122 ] that are parameterizable online and can be controlled through package ( SW ) [ 123 ] , [ 124 ] . In add-on to the latter, improper sum of submergence oil or misalignment of the picture Fieldss in the captured picture frame, due to camera motion, can do either loss or quality debasement of the skin image. Acquisition clip mistake sensing techniques has to be developed harmonizing to [ 124 ] and it is done merely in an attempt to get the better of such issues. Computed imaging ( CT ) images have besides been used [ 125 ] in order to observe melanomas and track both advancement of the disease and response to intervention. Table: 3.2 Image Acquisition Methods Along With the Respective Detection Goals Image Acquisition Technique Detection Goal Video RGB Camera Tumor, Crust, hair, graduated table, glistening ulcer of skin lesions, skin erythema, Burn scars, Melanoma Recognition Tissue Microscopy Melanoma Recognition Still CCD Camera Wound Mending Ultraviolet light Melanoma Recognition Epiluminescence Microscopy ( ELM ) Melanoma Recognition Video microscopy Melanoma Recognition Multi frequence Electrical Electric resistances Melanoma Recognition Raman Spectra Melanoma Recognition Side-or Epi-transllumination ( utilizing Novoscope ) Melanoma Recognition Positron emanation imaging ( PET ) using fluorodeoxyglucose ( FDG ) [ 126 ] has besides been proven to be a extremely sensitive and suited diagnostic method in the theatrical production of assorted tumors, including melanoma, complementing structural imagination. FDG consumption has been correlated with proliferation rate, and therefore the grade of malignance of a given tumour. MRI can besides be used for tumour word picture [ 127 ] . Such methods are utilized largely for analyzing the metastatic potency of a skin melanoma and for farther appraisal. Finally, alternate techniques such multifrequency electrical electric resistance [ 128 ] or Raman spectra [ 129 ] have been proposed as possible showing methods. The electrical electric resistance of a biological stuff reflects fleeting physical belongingss of the tissue. Raman spectra are obtained by indicating a optical maser beam at a skin lesion sample. The optical maser beam excites molecules in the sample, and a scattering conseque nce is observed. These frequence displacements are maps of the type of molecules in the sample ; therefore, the Raman spectra clasp utile information on the molecular construction of the sample. Table I summarizes the most common image acquisition techniques found in literature along with the several sensing ends.3.17.2 Features for the Classification of Skin LesionsSimilarly to the traditional ocular diagnosing process, the computer-based systems look for characteristics and unite them to qualify the lesion as malignant melanoma, dysplastic birthmark, or common birthmark. The characteristics employed have to be mensurable and of high sensitiveness, i.e. , high correlativity of the characteristic with skin malignant neoplastic disease and high chance of true positive response. Furthermore, the characteristics should hold high specificity, i.e. , high chance of true negative response. Although in the typical categorization paradigm both factors are considered of import ( a trade-off expressed by maximising the country under the receiving system runing characteristic ( ROC ) curve ) , in the instance of malignant melanoma sensing, the suppression of false negatives ( i.e. , addition of true positives ) is evidently more of import. In the conventional process, the undermentioned diagnosing methods are chiefly used [ 130 ] : 1 ) ABCD regulation of dermoscopy ; 2 ) Pattern analysis ; 3 ) Menzies method ; 4 ) seven-point checklist ; and 5 ) Texture analysis. The characteristics used for each of these methods are presented in the followers. ABCD Rule: The ABCD regulation investigates the dissymmetry ( A ) , boundary line ( B ) , colour ( C ) , and differential constructions ( D ) of the lesion and defines the footing for a diagnosing by a skin doctor. To cipher the ABCD mark, the ‘Asymmetry, Border, Colors, and Dermoscopic constructions ‘ standards are assessed semi quantitatively. Each of the standards is so multiplied by a given weight factor to give a entire dermoscopy mark ( TDS ) . TDS values less than 4.75 indicate a benign melanocytic lesion, values between 4.8 and 5.45 indicate a leery lesion, and values of 5.45 or greater are extremely implicative of melanoma.A AsymmetryTo measure dissymmetry, the melanocytic lesion is bisected by two 90 ° axes that were positioned to bring forth the lowest possible dissymmetry mark. If both axes dermocopically show asymmetric contours with respect toA form, colourss and/or dermoscopic constructions, the dissymmetry mark is 2.A If there is dissymmetry on one axis merely, the mark is 1. If dissymmetry is absent with respect to both axes the mark is 0.A Boundary lineThe lesion is divided into eighths, and the pigment form is assessed. Within eachA one-eighth section, a crisp, disconnected cut-off of pigment form at the fringe receivesA a mark 1. In contrast, a gradual, indistinct cut-off within the section receives a scoreA of 0. Therefore, the maximal boundary line mark is 8, and the minimal mark is 0.A ColorSix different colourss are counted in finding the colour mark: white, ruddy, light brown, A dark brown, blue-gray, and black. For each colour nowadays, add +1 to the score.A White should be counted merely if the country is lighter than the next skin.A The maximal colour mark is 6, and the minimal mark is 1.3.18 Dermoscopic constructionsEvaluation of dermoscopic constructions focuses on 5 structural characteristics: web, structureless ( or homogenous ) countries, branched runs, points, and globules.A The presence of any characteristic consequences in a mark +1 Structureless ( or homogeneous ) countries must be larger than 10 % of the lesion to be considered present. Branched runs and points are counted merely when more than two are clearly seeable. The presence of a individual globule is sufficient for the lesion to be considered positive for globules. Asymmetry: The lesion is bisected by two axes that are positioned to bring forth the lowest dissymmetry possible in footings of boundary lines, colourss, and dermoscopic constructions. The dissymmetry is examined with regard to a point under one or more axes. The dissymmetry index is computed foremost by happening the chief axes of inactiveness of the tumour form in the image, and it is obtained by overlapping the two halves of the tumour along the chief axes of inactiveness and spliting the non-overlapping country differences of the two halves by the entire country of the tumour. Fig ( a ) Fig ( B ) : Figure: ( degree Celsius ) Figure: 3.12 ( a ) , ( B ) , ( degree Celsius ) : Calculation of symmetric matrix Boundary line: The lesion is divided into eight pie-piece sections. Figure: ( a ) Then, it is examined if there is a crisp, disconnected cutoff of pigment form at the fringe of the lesion or a gradual, indistinct cutoff. Border-based characteristics depicting the form of the lesion are so computed. In order to pull out boundary line information, image cleavage is performed. Figure: ( B ) Figure: ( C ) Fig 3.13. ( a ) , ( B ) , ( degree Celsius ) : Boundary line computation for Skin Lesion. It is considered to be a really critical measure in the whole procedure of skin lesion designation and involves the extraction of the part of involvement ( ROI ) , which is the lesion and its separation from the healthy tegument. Most usual methods are based on thresholding, part growth, and colour transmutation ( e.g. , chief constituents transform, CIELAB colour infinite and spherical co-ordinates [ 131 ] , and JSEG algorithm [ 132 ] ) . Extra methods affecting unreal intelligence Techniques like fuzzed boundary lines [ 133 ] and declaratory cognition ( melanocytic lesion images segmentation implementing by spacial dealingss based declaratory cognition ) are used for finding skin lesion characteristics. The latter methods are characterized as part attacks, because they are based on different colorization among the malignant parts and the chief boundary line. Another class of cleavage techniques is contour attacks utilizing classical border sensors ( e.g. , Sobel, Canny, etc. ) that produce a aggregation of borders go forthing the choice of the boundary up to the human perceiver. Hybrid attacks [ 134 ] usage both colour transmutation and border sensing techniques, whereas serpents or active contours 135 ] are considered the outstanding state-of-the art technique for boundary line sensing. More information sing boundary line sensing every bit good as a public presentation comparing of the aforesaid methods can be found in [ 136 ] and [ 137 ] . The most popular boundary line characteristics are the greatest diameter, the country, the boundary line abnormality, the tenuity ratio [ 138 ] , the disk shape index ( CIRC ) [ 139 ] , the discrepancy of the distance of the boundary line lesion points from the centroid location [ 140 ] , and the symmetricalness distance ( SD ) [ 133 ] . The CIRC is mathematically defined by the undermentioned equation: Where A is the surface of the examined country and P is its margin. SD calculates the mean supplanting among a figure of vertexes as the original form is transformed into a symmetric form. The symmetric form closest to the original form P is called the symmetricalness transform ( ST ) of P. The SD of an object is determined by the sum of attempt required to transform the original form into a symmetrical form, and can be calculated as follows: Apart from sing the boundary line as a contour, accent is besides placed on the characteristics that quantify the passage ( speed ) from the lesion to the tegument. Such characteristics are the minimal, maximal, mean, and discrepancy responses of the radient operator applied on the intesity image along the lesion boundary line. degree Celsius ) Color: Color belongingss inside the lesion are examined, and the figure of colourss present is determined. They may include light brown, dark brown, black, ruddy ( ruddy vascular countries are scored ) , white ( if whiter than the environing tegument ) , and slate blue. In add-on, colour texture might be used for finding the nature of melanocytic tegument lesions [ 141 ] . Typical colour images consist of the three-color channels red, green, and blue ( RGB ) . The colour characteristics are based on measurings on these colour channels or other colour channels such as cyan, magenta, yellow ( CMY ) , hue, impregnation, value ( HSV ) , Y-luminance, UV ( YUV ) chrominance constituents, or assorted combinations of them, linear or non. Additional colour characteristics are the spherical co-ordinates LAB norm and discrepancy responses for pels within the lesion [ 142 ] Color variegation may be calculated by mensurating lower limit, upper limit, norm, and standard divergences of the selected channel values and colour strength, and by mensurating chromatic differences inside the lesion. vitamin D ) Differential constructions: The figure of structural constituents present is determined, i.e. , pigment web, points ( scored if three or more are present ) , globules ( scored if two or more are present ) , structureless countries ( counted if larger than 10 % of lesion ) , and runs ( scored if three or more are present ) . 2 ) Form Analysis: The form analysis method seeks to place specific forms, which may be planetary ( reticulate, ball-shaped, sett, homogenous, starburst, parallel, and multicomponent, nonspecific ) or local ( pigment web, dots/globules/ moles [ 143 ] , runs, blue-whitish head covering, arrested development constructions, hypo-pigmentation, splodges, vascular constructions ) . 3 ) Menzies Method: The Menzies method looks for negative characteristics ( symmetricalness of form, presence of a individual colour ) and positive ( bluish-white head covering, multiple brown points, pseudopods, radial cyclosis, scar-like depigmentation, peripheral black dots/globules, multiple ( five to six ) colourss, multiple blue/gray points, broadened web ) . 4 ) Seven-Point Checklist: The seven-point checklist [ 144 ] , [ 145 ] refers to seven standards that assess chromatic features and the form and/or texture of the lesion. These standards are untypical pigment web, blue-whitish head covering, untypical vascular form, irregular runs, irregular dots/globules, irregular splodges, and arrested development constructions. Each one is considered to impact the concluding appraisal with a different weight. The dermoscopic image of a melanocytic tegument lesion is analyzed in order to grounds the presence of these standard standards ; eventually, a mark is calculated from this analysis, and if a entire mark of three or more is given, the lesion is classified as malignant, otherwise it is classified as birthmark. 5 ) Texture Analysis: Texture analysis is the effort to quantify texture impressions such as â€Å" all right, † â€Å" rough, † and â€Å" irregular † and to place, step, and use the differences between them. Textural characteristics and texture analysis methods can be slackly divided into two classs: statistical and structural. Statistical methods define texture in footings of local gray-level statistics that are changeless or easy varying over a textured part. Different textures can be discriminated by comparing the statistics computed over different subregions. Some of the most common textural characteristics are as follows. Neighboring gray-level dependance matrix ( NGLDM ) and lattice aperture wave form set ( LAWS ) are two textural attacks used for analysing and observing the pigmented web on tegument lesions. Dissimilarity, vitamin D, is a step related to contrast utilizing additive addition of weights as one moves off from the grey degree accompaniment matrix ( GLCM ) diagonal. Dissimilarity is calculated as follows: Where I is the row figure, J is the column figure, N is the entire figure of rows and columns of the GLCM matrix, and is the normalization equation in which Vi, J is the digital figure ( DN ) value of the cell I, J in the image window ( i.e. , the current gray-scale pel value ) . Angular 2nd minute ( ASM ) , which is a step related to methodicalness, where Pi, J is used as a weight to itself, is given by GLCM mean, I?i, which differs from the familiar average equation in the sense that it denotes the frequence of the happening of one pel value in combination with a certain neighbour pel value, is given by The research workers that seek to automatically place skin lesions exploit the available computational capablenesss by seeking for many of the characteristics stated earlier, every bit good as extra characteristics. 6 ) Other Features Utilized: The differential constructions as described in the ABCD method, every bit good as most of the forms that are used by the form analysis, the Menzies method, and the seven-point checklist are really seldom used for machine-controlled tegument lesion categorization, evidently due to their complexness. A fresh method presented in [ 140 ] utilizations 3-D pseudoelevated images of skin lesions that reveal extra information sing the abnormality and inhomogeneity of the examined surface. Several attempts concern mensurating the dynamicss of skin lesions [ 146 ] . The ratio of discrepancies RV in [ 147 ] has been defined as where standard divergence between yearss ( SDB2 ) is the between twenty-four hours discrepancy of the colour variable computed utilizing the mean values at each twenty-four hours of all lesion sites and topics, standard divergence intraday ( SDI2 ) is the intraday discrepancy of the colour variable estimated from the calculations at each twenty-four hours of all lesion sites and topics, and standard divergence analytical ( SDA2 ) is the discrepancy of the colour variable computed utilizing normal skin sites of all topics and times. Finally, ripple analysis has besides been used for break uping the tegument lesion image and utilizing ripple coefficients for its word picture [ 148 ] . C. Feature Selection The success of image acknowledgment depends on the right choice of the characteristics used for the categorization. The latter is a typical optimisation job, which may be resolved with heuristic schemes, greedy or familial algorithms, other computational intelligence methods, or particular schemes from statistical form acknowledgment [ e.g. , cross-validation ( XVAL ) , leave-one-out ( LOO ) method, consecutive forward drifting choice ( SFFS ) , consecutive backward drifting choice ( SBFS ) , chief constituent analysis ( PCA ) , and generalized consecutive characteristic choice ( GSFS ) ] [ 149 ] . The usage of characteristic choice algorithms is motivated by the demand for extremely precise consequences, computational grounds, and a peaking phenomenon frequently observed when classifiers are trained with a limited set of acquisition samples3.19 Skin Lesion Classification MethodsIn this subdivision, the most popular methods for skin lesion categorization are examined. The undertaking involves chiefly two stages after characteristic choice, larning and proving [ 150 ] , which are analyzed in the undermentioned paragraphs. A. Learning Phase During the learning stage, typical characteristic values are extracted from a sequence of digital images stand foring classified skin lesions. The most classical acknowledgment paradigm is statistical. Covariance matrices are computed for the discriminatory steps, normally under the multivariate Gaussian premise. Parametric discriminant maps are so determined, leting categorization of unknown lesions ( discriminant analysis ) . The major job of this attack is the demand for big acquisition samples. Nervous webs are webs of interrelated nodes composed of assorted phases that emulate some of the ascertained belongingss of biological nervous systems and pull on the analogies of adaptative biological acquisition. Learning occurs through larning over a big set of informations where the Learning algorithm iteratively adjusts the connexion weights ( synapses ) by minimising a given mistake map [ 151 ] , [ 152 ] . The support vector machine ( SVM ) is a popular algorithm for informations categorization in two categories [ 153 ] – [ 155 ] , [ 156 ] . SVMs allow the enlargement of the information provided by a learning dataset as a additive combination of a subset of the informations in the acquisition set ( support vectors ) . These vectors locate a hyper surface that separates the input informations with a really good grade of generalisation. The SVM algorithm is based on acquisition, proving, and public presentation rating, which are common stairss in every acquisition process. Learning involves optimisation of a convex cost map where there are no local lower limit to perplex the acquisition procedure. Testing is based on theoretical account rating utilizing the support vectors to sort a trial dataset. Performance rating is based on mistake rate finding as the trial dataset size tends to eternity. The adaptative wavelet-transform-based tree-structure categorization ( ADWAT ) method [ 157 ] is a specific tegument lesion image categorization technique that uses statistical analysis of the characteristic informations to happen the threshold values that optimally partitions the image-feature infinite for categorization. A known set of images is decomposed utilizing 2-D ripple transform, and the channel energies and energy ratios are used as characteristics in the statistical analysis. During the categorization stage, the tree construction of the campaigner image obtained utilizing the same decomposition algorithm is semantically compared with the tree-structure theoretical accounts of melanoma and dysplastic birthmark. A categorization variable ( CV ) is used to rate the tree construction of the campaigner image. CV is set to a value of 1 when the chief image is decomposed. The value of CV is incremented by one for every extra channel decomposed. When the algorithm decomposes a dy splastic birthmark image, merely one degree of decomposition should happen ( impart 0 ) . Therefore, for values of CV equal to 1, a campaigner image is assigned to the dysplastic nevus category. A value of CV greater than 1 indicates farther decomposition of the campaigner image, and the image is consequently assigned to the melanoma category. B. Testing Phase The public presentation of each classifier is tested utilizing an ideally big set ( i.e. , over 300 skin lesion image sets ) of manually classified images. A subset of them, for example, 80 % of the images, is used as a acquisition set, and the other 20 % of the samples is used for proving utilizing the trained classifier. The Learning and trial images are exchanged for all possible combinations to avoid prejudice in the solution. Most usual categorization public presentation appraisal in the context of melanoma sensing is the true positive fraction ( TPF ) bespeaking the fraction of malignant tegument lesions right classified as melanoma and the true negative fraction ( TNF ) bespeaking the fraction of dysplastic or nonmelanoma lesions right classified as nonmelanoma, severally [ 158 ] , [ 159 ] . A graphical representation of categorization public presentation is the ROCcurve, which displays the â€Å" trade-off † between sensitiveness ( i.e. , existent malignant lesions that are right identified as such, besides known as TPF ) and specificity ( i.e. , the proportion of benign lesions that are right identified, besides known as TNF ) that consequences from the convergence between the distribution of lesion tonss for melanoma and nevi [ 160 ] , [ 161 ] , [ 162 ] . A good classifier is one with stop ping point to 100 % sensitiveness at a threshold such that high specificity is besides obtained. The ROC for such a classifier will plot as a steeply lifting curve. When different classifiers are compared, the one whose curve rises fastest should be optimum. If sensitiveness and specificity were weighted every bit, the greater the country under the ROC curve ( AUC ) , the better the classifier is [ 163 ] .

Korean Air and China Airlines

Lesson 1 – Self introduction Trick – Stereotype Airlines – China Airlines Instructor:Fiona Y. Hsiao ? ? : Profile-? ? 1. Marketing & Sales VP 2. (Kingdom of Bahrain) (Gulf Air) 3? / / ? ( ) 3. Duty travel: — ? 4. 5. 6. 7. : TVBS WTO , 8. : ? ?†¦ Interview Skills Outlines Stereotype Self Intro Education Work Experience †¢ Greetings †¢ Manner †¢ Characteristics †¢ Nature †¢ Professionalism Major + Activities + LearningPosition + Specialties Storytelling Quick Response B + F+ Q + E Ambition for the position : What is Cabin Crew? Main Accountabilities: †¢ You will be responsible for ensuring the safety of our guests as well as providing excellent customer service at all times. †¢ inspiring our guests †¢ displaying a high degree of motivation †¢ enthusiasm and commitment in everything you do. What CI is doing? Green Energy Aircraft Weight Reduction Ground Repair & Service Maintenance Management : What CI is doing? China Southern, China Eastern, Xiamen Airlines and China Airlines Form †Greater China Connection† PartnershipOn January 3, 2013, China Southern Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Xiamen Airlines and China Airlines jointly launched the †Greater China Connection† program. The four SkyTeam member airlines in the Greater China region will share resources to establish a common set of CrossStrait membership services. The scope of the †Greater China Connection† program extends across more than 41 airports and more than 270 Cross-Strait flights a week. In other words, one in every two China-Taiwan flights is provided by a member of †Greater China Connection. ‘ With more than 280 China/Taiwan-Hong Kong flights and nearly 25,000 China domestic flights a week, †Greater China Connection† provides travelers with a more extensive network, more frequent flights, greater value and more convenient services. S kyTeam: Air France Korean Air KLM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. : Q:  What  do  you  think  of  us? When I get to know that China Airlines becomes the first Taiwanese airline to join SkyTeam and cements the alliance’s #1 position in the Greater China region. I feel honored being a Taiwanese. As I am aware of, there are Star Alliance, One World and SkyTeam partnership, non of irliners from Taiwan is able to be part of the member. By putting so much effort that people don’t know, we China Airline has came to the 1st airline joining team. It shows the identity of hub of Taiwan. Also, the ‘Plum Blossom’ promoting China Airlines’ corporate identity and presenting how blossom our crew could be every day when having guests on board†¦.. : Blood Type Parents’ Occupation Zodiac Sign Trick Trick – Stereotype Where you come from 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Capricorn (12. 21-01. 20) Aquarius (01. 21-02. 19) Pisces (02. 20-03. 20) Aries ( 03. 21-04. 19) Taurus (04. 20-05. 20) Gemini (05. 21-06. 21) Cancer (6. 22-07. 22) Leo (07. 23-08. 22) Virgo (08. 23-09. 22) Libra (09. 23-10. 23) Scorpio (10. 24-11. 21) Sagittarius (11. 22-12. 20) Zodiac  Sign In-class practice stereotype ?Example 1? A1: Hello, how are you today? Welcome to our interview. Please introduce yourself in 3 minutes. B1: I would be very glad to do so. My name is _____. It’s a special name which means________. I come from a ordinary and simple family so that I get intimate with classmates better than with families. I fit to live in groups instead of loneliness.A2: Are your parents nine-to-fivers? B2: Yes, they are nine-to-fivers who go to work early and come home late. A3: Do your parents support you to join this interview? B3: Sure! My family thinks this is a long-term career and hopes that I can hold this chance to bring myself into this field. A4: Do you live in Taipei? How will you come to work if we hire you? How long does it take yo u on transportation? B4: I don’t live in Taipei. It’s no problem with me to be on time! I can drive. If parking is inconvenient, I would go out earlier to match up my duty. : In-class practice ?Example 2? BufferA1: Please describe yourself by using 3 words. B1: It can’t come to my mind immediately. But I think I can introduce myself by a phrase sentence that is â€Å"work smart†. I am particular about efficiency. Most social freshmen can’t grasp the right point; they often make mistakes and re-do it. Therefore, they easily make things delay behind the progress. stereotype A2: That’s right. Where do you live? B2: I live in HsinDen where is located in south of Taipei and near Wulai. Wulai is very beautiful. Many people go hot springs and hiking on holidays. A3: But it’s quite far from your place to the office. How will you come to work?B3: Since high-speed way completed, people who live in HsinDen and Mucha usually go to work by either MRT or driving. I have the driving license / driver’s license and MRT card. Distance is not an issue as long as I am capable to manage my time well. A4: What do you think that you can’t work from nine-to-five? B4: I think it can’t be a nine-to-five job in aviation industry. Because we need to cooperate with airport operation and flight schedule, I understood. : In-class practice ?Example 3? stereotype A1: Talk about your family. B1: I’m very happy to. I come from an academic-oriented family.My parents are teachers who are very conscientious and well-disciplined. They say â€Å"to be strict with ourselves and lenient towards others† which is reasonable to me. A2: Have you ever talked about your willingness to your family? B2: Yes. My mother agreed, but my father was worried. Finally my decision is the decision. fact A3: Are you living with your family? B3: No, I rent a place with roommates. I wasn’t used to it in the beginning because we ne ed to clean up the toilet and garbage by turns. But now, I am used to living independently and sharing housework. It makes me become more independent and matured.A3: Do you worry that you will keep away from your family & friends at a distance? B3: Yes, it maybe is true. But you know that true affection won’t be changed because of distance. We have e-mails and cell phones. Nowadays, the communication system is so convenient that the whole world is just like a â€Å"global village†!! I am not worried about it at all. : In-class practice stereotype ?Example 4? A1: Please briefly introduce yourself. B1: Sure. I come from south of Taiwan. I am diligent, patient and can adapt to the environment better than ones from north. A2: That’s right. Will your accommodation be a problem to you?B2: I have to say I need some time to set up housing, but 1 week is enough! A3: You seem very confident! However, the salary we can provide in the beginning won’t be high. Could you accept it? B3: Normally, people always expect to have higher salary. I am not exceptional. I understand that we will have a great deal of training courses so that the salary won’t be high in the initial stage. A4: OK. Could you turn around right here? B4: Sure. Is this ok? If needed, I can do it again. ?: : ~ ~ :so that :instead of Ving / N. :match up : Since + , S+ /. †¢ †¦ †¦:either†¦or†¦ †¢ , : as long as + . †¢ S + used to + V: , ;? ( )? ; : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ !! be + used to +Ving †¢ :to keep someone at a distance †¢ :adapt to : †¢ :a large number / a great quantity / a great deal (of) / a world of ? ? ? ? ? Now, your show time†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 60’s – Greeting with your interviewers. – Your name? – Your age? – School level / major? – Work experience? – Why do you think know about China Airline? – Reasons for being a flight attendant ? – What is your contribution? – Saying Thank You. :Your blood type is â€Å"O. â€Å"Some says this type means people is very stubborn and objective. What do you think? Buffer & Stereotype Actually,  I  have  heard  and  got  this  question  quite  often  when   people  gets  to  know  my  blood  type  is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"O†. Turning I  had  to  admit  that  we  are  somehow  stubborn  and  objective   Point than  the  rest. However,  in  stead  of  saying  we  are  like  that,   I  would  put  in  this  way  by  saying  we  are  devoting  and  insisting  in   doing  things  which  are  supposed  to  be  done  in  a  right  way. For   example,  as  a  employer,  I  believe  that’s  no  short? cut  when  doing   work,  not  to  mention  in  the  service  industry.I  believe  that  we   should  provide  services  to  customers/passengers  up  to  standard   as  how  we  are  trained  no  matter  there’s  someone  checking   behind  us. That’s  how  I  am  going  to  devote  myself  when  flying   with  our  big  family. : †¢ Q: Please introduce yourself in 1 minutes. †¢ Q: What are the three major elements from a successful flight attendant? †¢ Have you ever fly w/ us? And your impression? †¢ If one of the PAX touches your hand, what would you do? : ? ? * www. airjob. com. tw * [email  protected] com. tw We Welcome You to Our Workshop†¦ :